Charles Darwin
The founder of evolutionary theory and the theory of natural selection in particular. Despite some obscure incidents regarding the "joint paper" (1858) with Wallace, Darwin's originality and consistency were well-confirmed by his later career and works; On the Origin of Species (1959) presented the overall structure of his theory, and The Decent of Man (1871) extended his basic idea consistently to man, in contradistintion to Wallace's more eclectic view, together with a detailed elaboration of sexual selection. His "dangerous idea" (as Daniel Dennett puts it) is still powerful and fertile today.
See my Darwin on the Evolution of Morality; also see my review [in Japanese] of Desmond and Moore, Japanese translation.
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